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Risperidone uses, side effects, indications, dosage & more.

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risperidone uses side effects

What is Risperidone? Risperidone uses!

Risperidone belongs to a group of medication called antipsychotic (second generation). It works by balancing the levels of dopamine and serotonin in your brain, substances that help regulate mood, behaviors, and thoughts.

Antipsychotic medications can be used to treat several kinds of mental health conditions.

Risperidone used to treat schizophrenia symptoms. It is also used to treat mania and mixed symptoms in adults, adolescents, and children aged 10 and up who have bipolar disorder (manic depressive disorder; a disease that causes episodes of depression, episodes of mania, and other abnormal moods). The medication is also used to treat a variety of behavioral issues, including self-injury, and mood swings. It functions by altering the brain’s activity of certain natural substances.

 

Risperidone indications:

  • Schizophrenia
  • Mania
  • Bipolar disorder
  • Aggressiveness

Risperidone uses in other psychotics’ symptoms:

Positive Symptoms:

  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions
  • Hostility
  • Thought disturbances

 

Negative Symptoms:

  • Blunted effect
  • Emotional & social withdrawal
  • Poverty of speech

 

Risperidone Dosage:

Risperidone tablets may be given in 1 or 2 divided doses daily. The usual and initial dose of risperidone tablets are 2mg and the usual maintenance doses of risperidone tablets are 4mg to 8mg daily.

 

Risperidone side effects:

The more common side effects of risperidone can include:

  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • constipation
  • heartburn
  • dry mouth
  • increased saliva
  • increased appetite
  • weight gain
  • stomach pain
  • anxiety
  • agitation
  • restlessness
  • difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
  • breast enlargement or discharge
  • late or missed menstrual periods
  • decreased sexual ability
  • blurred vision
  • back, muscle, or joint pain
  • dry or discolored skin
  • difficulty urinating
  • dizziness, feeling unsteady,
  • Having trouble keeping your balance

 

Risperidone and Pregnancy:

Research in animals has shown negative effects to the fetus when the mother takes the drug. However, there haven’t been enough studies done in humans to be certain how the drug might affect a fetus.

Newborn babies born to mothers taking this drug may have withdrawal symptoms.

These symptoms may include:

  • restlessness
  • limpness
  • stiffness
  • sleepiness
  • breathing problems

Some newborns recover within hours or days without treatment, but others may need to be hospitalized.

Talk with your doctor if you’re pregnant or planning to become pregnant. And if you become pregnant while taking this drug, call your doctor. This drug should only be used if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk.

 

Risperidone and Breastfeeding:

breast feedong

Risperidone may pass into breast milk and may cause side effects in a child who is breastfed. Take advice from your doctor. You may need to decide whether to stop breastfeeding or stop taking this medication.

 

Warnings and Precautions:

Risperidone should be used with caution in patients with known cardiovascular disease (e.g. heart failure, myocardial infection, conduction abnormalities, hypovolemia, cerebrovasclar disease), and the dose should be gradually titrated as recommended. A dose reduction should be considered if  hypotension occurs. It is recommended to have both the starting dose and the subsequent dose increments in geriatric patients and in patients with renal or liver insufficiency. Caution is also due to prescribing Risperidone to patients with Parkinson’s disease since, theoretically, it might cause a deterioration of the disease. Classical neruoleptics are known to lover the seizure threshold. Caution is recommended when treating patients with epilepsy. Patients may be advised to refrain from excessive eating in view of the possibility of weight gain.

 

Mechanism of action:

Though its precise mechanism of action is not fully understood, current focus is on the ability of risperidone to inhibit the D2 dopaminergic receptors and 5-HT2A serotonergic receptors in the brain. Schizophrenia is thought to result from an excess of dopaminergic D2 and serotonergic 5-HT2A activity, resulting in overactivity of central mesolimbic pathways and mesocortical pathways, respectively.

D2 dopaminergic receptors are transiently inhibited by risperidone, reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission, therefore decreasing positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as delusions and hallucinations. Risperidone binds transiently and with loose affinity to the dopaminergic D2 receptor, with ideal receptor occupancy of 60-70% for optimal effect. Rapid dissociation of risperidone from the D2 receptors contributes to decreased risk of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), which occur with permanent and high occupancy blockade of D2 dopaminergic receptors.  Low-affinity binding and rapid dissociation from the D2 receptor distinguish risperidone from the traditional antipsychotic drugs. A higher occupancy rate of D2 receptors is said to increase the risk of extrapyramidal symptoms and is therefore to be avoided.

risperidone mechanism of action

 

Increased serotonergic mesocortical activity in schizophrenia results in negative symptoms, such as depression and decreased motivation. The high-affinity binding of risperidone to 5-HT2A receptors leads to a decrease in serotonergic activity. In addition, 5-HT2A receptor blockade results in decreased risk of extrapyramidal symptoms, likely by increasing dopamine release from the frontal cortex, and not the nigrostriatal tract. Dopamine level is therefore not completely inhibited. Through the above mechanisms, both serotonergic and D2 blockade by risperidone are thought to synergistically work to decrease the risk of extrapyramidal symptoms.

Risperidone has also been said to be an antagonist of alpha-1 (α1), alpha-2 (α2), and histamine (H1) receptors. Blockade of these receptors is thought to improve symptoms of schizophrenia, however the exact mechanism of action on these receptors is not fully understood at this time.

 

FAQs:

Some common side effects of Risperidone are: • Nausea • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Constipation • Heartburn • Dry mouth
Yes, because Risperidone is a second generation atypical antipsychotic. Risperidone rebalance dopamine and serotonin to improve thinking, mood and behavior.

Omeprazole uses, side effects, indications, contraindications, & more..

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omeprazole uses, pic

What is Omeprazole? Omeprazole uses!

Before omeprazole uses! Omeprazole is in a class of medicines called proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) and reduces the production of stomach acid. It works by lowering the amount of acid that’s made in the stomach.

Omeprazole is an anti-ulcer medicine used to treat conditions where the stomach produces too much acid. Stomach and duodenal ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome are certain problems caused by high levels of stomach acid. It relieves stress ulcers and acidity due to the intake of painkillers. Omeprazole is used in combination with antibiotics like amoxicillin and clarithromycin to prevent ulcers caused by Helicobacter pylori bacteria.

 

Omeprazole Indications:

Omeprazole is approved for use in the following clinical indications:

  • Gastroesophagal Reflux Disease
  • Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome
  • Gastric and duodenal ulcers
  • Helicobacter pylori Infection
  • Erosive Esophagitis

 

Omeprazole Dosage:

Recommended dose of omeprazole is 20mg once daily before meal.

 

Omeprazole Side effects:

Common side effects of Omeprazole:

  • Fever (especially in children)
  • stomach pain/ gas
  • nausea,
  • vomiting,
  • diarrhea,
  • headache,
  • Cold symptoms such as stuffy nose, sneezing, sore throat (especially in children)

 

Serious side effects of Omeprazole:

  • Signs of an Omeprazole allergy reaction, including trouble breathing or swelling of face, tongue, lips, or throat, get emergency medical attention. Feel any of the following problems, stop using this medicine and see your doctor:
  • New or uncommon pain in your wrist, thigh, hip, or back
  • Cold signs include a runny nose, sneezing, and a painful throat
  • Blood in the urine, frequent or infrequent urination, joint pain, nausea, or a loss of appetite
  • Severe stomach ache, persistent fever, watery stools,
  • Skin with blisters, flakes, or bleeding; vaginal, lip, nose, mouth, or throat sores; enlarged glands; breathing difficulties; fever; or flu-like signs.
  • Severe fatigue, a racing or pounding heartbeat, involuntary trembling of a body part, muscular spasms, disorientation, or convulsions
  • Fundic gland polyps, which are stomach growths, can form if you take Omeprazole for an extended period of time.
  • Consult your doctor about these risks. You may become vitamin B-12 deficient if you use this medication for more than three years.

 

Contraindications of Omeprazole:

Omeprazole is contraindicated in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to the drug or any excipients from the dosage form. Hypersensitivity reactions like anaphylactic shock, angioedema, interstitial nephritis, anaphylaxis, urticaria, and bronchospasm may occur. According to product labeling, omeprazole is contraindicated in patients taking dosage forms containing rilpivirine.

 

Omeprazole Warnings:

  • Pregnancy:

Omeprazole is usually not recommended in pregnant women. It is not known to cause any birth defects. However, it should only be used upon your doctor’s recommendation if there are no alternatives and the benefit outweighs the risk.

  • Breast-Feeding:breastfeeding

Omeprazole may pass into breast milk and cause side effects in breastfed babies. An alternate medicine may be preferred, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant. If required, it should only be used upon your doctor’s recommendation.

  • Vitamin B12 deficiency:

Long-term treatment with Omeprazole may decrease the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the body. You should take vitamin B12 supplements if this medicine is used for more than 3 years.

  • Lupus erythematosus:

Lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that affects the skin, kidneys, brain, joints, and other organs. It occurs when the immune system of the body attacks its own tissues. Lupus may occur or gets worse while using Omeprazole. Inform your doctor immediately if you experience tiredness, painful joints, rashes, or lesions on the skin while using this medicine.

  • Bone fractures:

Long term use of Omeprazole decreases the calcium absorption in the body leading to reduced bone density (thinning of bones). Calcium is essential for bone formation and its deficiency can increase the risk of bone fractures. Take calcium supplements or increase the intake of calcium in your diet to avoid bone thinning. Using Vitamin D supplements along with Omeprazole can help to increase calcium absorption in the body.

  • Hypomagnesemia:

Prolonged use of Omeprazole may result in low magnesium levels in the blood (hypomagnesemia). Inform your doctor in case of dizziness, irregular heartbeat, shivering, muscle pain, seizures or fits. You may have to check magnesium levels in the blood at regular intervals.

  • Atrophic gastritis:

In some patients, continuous use of Omeprazole may cause swelling of the stomach mucosa lasting for a longer duration. Hence use this medicine only for the prescribed period of time.

 

Other warnings & Precautions:

  • In case of suspected gastric ulcer, exclude malignancy before treatment as Omeprazole may alleviate symptoms and delay diagnosis.
  • Patients with severe hepatic disease should not required more than 20mg daily.
  • Acute interstitial nephritis has been observed in patients taking PPIs.
  • PPIs therapy may be associated with increased risk of clostridium deffcile-associated diarrhea.

 

Mechanism of action:

Hydrochloric acid (HCl) secretion into the gastric lumen is a process regulated mainly by the H(+)/K(+)-ATPase of the proton pump, expressed in high quantities by the parietal cells of the stomach. ATPase is an enzyme on the parietal cell membrane that facilitates hydrogen and potassium exchange through the cell, which normally results in the extrusion of potassium and formation of HCl (gastric acid).

mechanism of action of omeprazole

Omeprazole is a member of a class of antisecretory compounds, the substituted benzimidazoles, that stop gastric acid secretion by selective inhibition of the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system. Proton-pump inhibitors such as omeprazole bind covalently to cysteine residues via disulfide bridges on the alpha subunit of the H+/K+ ATPase pump, inhibiting gastric acid secretion for up to 36 hours. This antisecretory effect is dose-related and leads to the inhibition of both basal and stimulated acid secretion, regardless of the stimulus.

 

FAQs:

The most common side effects of omeprazole is headache. And also cause stomach-related side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Taking omeprazole at high dosages, or for long time use, raises the risk of more serious side effects. These can include bone breaks and pneumonia (a lung infection).
Prescription omeprazole is often taken for 4 to 8 weeks, depending on what you're treating. For some conditions, it's taken for even longer. Taking omeprazole for too long can lead to serious side effects.
Usually, you’ll take omeprazole once a day in the morning before a meal. If it will not affect your stomach, you can take it with or without food. If you take omeprazole twice a day in the morning and evening. Swallow tablets and capsules whole with a drink of water or squash.
It is usually best to take Omeprazole without meal 1 hour before meals. When omeprazole is taken with food (in some causes) it reduces the amount of omeprazole that reaches the bloodstream.

Sertraline uses, side effects indications, & more

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sertraline/ sertraline uses

What is Sertraline? Sertraline uses!

Sertraline is an antidepressant that belongs to a group of drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). It is use to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, social anxiety disorder (SAD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

This drug works by increasing the amount of serotonin, a natural substance in your brain that helps maintain mental health balance. This can improve the symptoms of depression and anxiety.

 

 

Other symptoms of Sertraline uses:

Sertraline is also used sometimes to treat headaches and sexual problems (premature ejaculation). Talk to your doctor about the possible risks of using this medication for your condition.

 

 

Sertraline and Pregnancy:

When sertraline is taken in the weeks before delivery it can sometimes cause short-term withdrawal symptoms and, very rarely, breathing problems in your baby. Your baby will be checked after birth and given extra care if needed.

Taking sertraline in the last month of pregnancy may slightly increase your risk of bleeding after delivery. However, because this side effect is rare and can be treated, it’s not a reason to stop taking sertraline if you’re pregnant.

Mental health problems must be well treated during pregnancy as these can affect both you and your baby’s wellbeing. Depression and anxiety can sometimes get worse during pregnancy, and after the baby’s born.

Speak to your doctor if you become pregnant while taking sertraline. They will help you weigh up the risks and benefits so you can decide on the best treatment for you and your baby.

 

 

Sertraline and Breast-feeding:sertraline / breastfeeding

If your doctor or health visitor says your baby is healthy, it is OK to take sertraline while breastfeeding. It is one of the preferred antidepressants to take when breastfeeding and has been used by many breastfeeding mothers without any problems.

Sertraline passes into breast milk in very small amounts and has been linked with side effects in very few breastfed babies.

It is important to continue taking sertraline to keep you well. Breastfeeding will also benefit both you and your baby.

Talk to your health visitor, midwife, pharmacist, or doctor as soon as possible if:

  1. Your baby is not feeding as well as usual.
  2. Your baby seems unusually sleepy.
  3. your baby is irritable or has colic.

 

 

Side effects of Sertraline:

Sertraline may cause side effects:

  • nausea
  • diarrhea
  • constipation
  • vomiting
  • difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
  • dry mouth
  • heartburn
  • loss of appetite
  • weight changes
  • dizziness
  • excessive tiredness
  • headache
  • nervousness
  • uncontrollable shaking of a part of the body
  • sexual problems
  • excessive sweating

Other side effects of Sertraline:

  • rash
  • hives
  • swelling
  • difficulty breathing
  • Seizures
  • Abnormal bleeding or bruising

 

 

Dosage of Sertraline:

 

Indication Starting Dose Therapeutic Range
  Adults  
MDD 50mg  
OCD 50mg 50-200mg
PD, PTSD, SAD 25mg  
  Pediatric Patients  
OCD (age 6-12 years) 25mg  
OCD (age 13-17 years) 50mg 50-200mg

 

Take the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next dose. Do not take double doses at one time.

 

 

Sertraline may Interact with other medications:

Sertraline oral tablet can interact with other medications, vitamins, or herbs you may be taking. An interaction is when a substance changes the way a drug works. This can be harmful or prevent the drug from working well.

To help avoid interactions, your doctor should manage all of your medications carefully. Be sure to tell your doctor about all medications, vitamins, or herbs you’re taking. To find out how this drug might interact with something else you’re taking, talk with your doctor or pharmacist.

Drugs you should not use with sertraline:

These drugs include:

  • Pimozide. Taking this drug with sertraline can cause serious heart problems.
  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) such as isocarboxazid, phenelzine, and tranylcypromine. Taking these drugs with sertraline increases your risk for serotonin syndrome. You must also wait 14 days between taking these drugs and taking sertraline.
  • Linezolid, intravenous methylene blue. Taking this drug with sertraline increases your risk for serotonin syndrome.

Interactions that increase the risk of side effects

Taking certain medications with sertraline may result in increased side effects. These drugs include:

  • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen, naproxen, aspirin, and warfarin. Taking these drugs with sertraline increases your risk of bleeding or bruising.
  • Triptans such as sumatriptan. Your risk for serotonin syndrome is increased when you take these drugs with sertraline. Your doctor should watch you closely if you take these drugs together.
  • Lithium. Taking this drug with lithium increases your risk for serotonin syndrome.
  • Serotonergic medications such as fentanyl, tramadol, and St John’s wort. Taking these drugs with sertraline increases your risk for serotonin syndrome.
  • Cimetidine. Taking cimetidine with sertraline may cause a buildup of sertraline in your body. Your dose of sertraline might need to be lowered if you take it with cimetidine.
  • Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline, desipramine, and imipramine. Taking sertraline with these drugs may cause these drugs to build up in your body. Your doctor may need to adjust your dosage of tricyclic antidepressants while you take sertraline.

 

 

Mechanism of action:

Sertraline selectively inhibits the reuptake of serotonin (5-H

T) at the presynaptic neuronal membrane, thereby increasing serotonergic activity. This results in an increased synaptic concentration of serotonin in the CNS, which leads to numerous functional changes associated with enhanced serotonergic neurotransmission. These changes are believed to be responsible for the antidepressant action and beneficial effects in obsessive-compulsive (and other anxiety-related disorders). It has been hypothesized that obsessive-compulsive disorder, like depression, is also caused by the dysregulation of serotonin.

Sertraline mode of action

In animal studies, chronic administration of sertraline results in down-regulation of brain norepinephrine receptors. Sertraline displays affinity for sigma-1 and 2 receptor binding sites but binds with stronger affinity to sigma-1 binding sites. In vitro, sertraline shows little to no affinity for GABA, dopaminergic, serotonergic (5HT1A, 5HT1B, 5HT2), or benzodiazepine receptors. It exerts weak inhibitory actions on the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine and dopamine5 and exhibits no inhibitory effects on the monoamine oxidase enzyme.

 

FAQs:

Once you're feeling better it's likely that you'll continue to take sertraline for several more months. Stopping before that time can make depression come back. Most doctors recommend that you take antidepressants for 6 months to a year after you no longer feel depressed.
Some common side effects of sertraline is nausea, diarrhea and changes in sleep patterns also some rare side effects like bleeding risk, suicidal thoughts , serotonin syndrome and sexual dysfunction are also possible.
In some causes it not but in some causes it may lead small weight gain ranging from 1% to 1.6% of initial body weight when used over 6 months or a year.